Open surgery for in utero repair of spina bifida: Microneurosurgery versus standard technique - A systematic review.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Prenatal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair has been shown to improve neurological outcomes. It has been suggested that decreases in the hysterotomy diameter during surgery can improve perinatal outcomes without altering neurologic outcomes. The objective of this study is to describe and compare the main maternal and fetal outcomes of fetuses undergoing open surgery for MMC repair, through the different modifications (standard-classical, mini-hysterotomy, and microneurosurgery). DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid, SciELO, LILACS, PROSPERO. RESULTS: From a total of 112 studies, seven case series were selected including 399 fetuses with open fetal surgery, five studies using the classical technique (n = 181), one with mini-hysterotomy (n = 176), and one with the microneurosurgery technique (n = 42). The mini-hysterotomy and microneurosurgery techniques presented a lower risk of preterm delivery (21.4% and 30%, respectively) compared to the classic technique (47.3%), premature rupture of membranes (78%, 62%, and 72.5 %, respectively), oligohydramnios (0% and 72.5%, respectively), dehiscence of hysterotomy, maintaining the same frequency of Chiari reversion (78%, 62%, and 72.5%, respectively), postnatal correction requirement (0%, 4.8%, and 5.8%, respectively), and lower frequency of requirement for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement (13.0%, 7.5%, and 29.1%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The least invasive techniques (minihysterotomy-microneurosurgery) are possible and reproduceable, as they are associated with better maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Miocardiopatía periparto. Una rara pero peligrosa complicación obstétrica / Peripartum cardiomyopathy. A rare but dangerous obstetric complication

La miocardiopatía periparto es una patología poco frecuente que puede conllevar a una alta tasa de mortalidad por el compromiso cardiaco si no se realiza un manejo oportuno y adecuado. Debido a su presentación clínica, las similitudes con síntomas propios del embarazo y aquellos generados por la preeclampsia, se convierte en un diagnóstico de exclusión que requiere de alta sospecha clínica. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 33 años de edad con diagnóstico de preeclampsia atípica, disfunción hepática, hematológica y renal en el puerperio, quien presentó evolución car diovascular tórpida a pesar del manejo adecuado por lo cual se sospechó y objetivó el diagnóstico de miocardiopatía periparto que progresó a una falla cardiaca aguda con disfunción multiorgánica y necesidad de trasplante cardiaco. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 119-123).

Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare pathology that can lead to a high mortality rate due to cardiac compromise if timely and adequate management is not performed. Due to its clinical presentation, the similarities with typical symptoms of pregnancy and those generated by preeclampsia, becomes a diagnosis of exclusion that requires high clinical suspicion. The clinical case of a 33-year-old patient with a diagnosis of atypical preeclampsia, hepatic, hematological and renal dysfunction in the puerperium is presented. She had a torpid cardiovascular evolution despite adequate manage ment, which led to the diagnosis and suspicion of peripartum myocardiopathy that progressed to acute heart failure with multi-organ dysfunction and need for heart transplantation. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 119-123).

Consecuencias y complicaciones de la amniocentesis. Experiencia de dos centros latinoamericanos de medicina materno fetal / Results and complications of amniocentesis. Experience of two centers of Latin American fetal maternal medicine

Resumen Objetivo Describir las indicaciones, complicaciones y repercusiones de la amniocentesis. Materiales y métodos Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal de las amniocentesis efectuadas de 2009 a 2015 en dos unidades de medicina materno fetal de Bogotá, Colombia. Se evaluaron las características de las pacientes, indicación de los procedimientos y las complicaciones. Además, los hallazgos se compararon con reportes de diferentes estudios de la bibliografía internacional. Resultados Se incluyeron 748 amniocentesis. La mediana de edad de las pacientes fue de 29 años (límites 23 y 37). La indicación más común fue el estudio genético en 508 casos (67.9%). Se reportaron 89 (17.5%) casos de cromosomopatías, y de éstas la de mayor frecuencia fue la trisomía 21 en 41 pacientes (46%). La mayor parte de las complicaciones se registró en embarazos que superaron las 20 semanas. La pérdida del embarazo y la amenaza de parto pretérmino atribuibles a la amniocentesis fueron de 0.9 y 2.5%, respectivamente. Conclusión Las características de la amniocentesis permitieron conocer sus repercusiones, complicaciones, tasa de pérdida real o factores asociados, con miras a explorar los factores maternos y fe tales en embarazos únicos y múltiples en dos unidades de Medicina Materno Fetal latinoamericanas.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this paper is to describe the indications, complications and results of amniocentesis performed in two fetal maternal medicine units in Bogota Colombia between 2009 and 2015. Materials and methods Cross-sectional observational descriptive study; 770 amniocentesis performed during 6 years (2009 - 2015) with evaluation of the characteristics of the patients, procedures and complications observed were evaluated. In addition, the findings were compared with reports from different studies of the world literature. Results 748 amniocentesis data were included, statistically analyzing the clinical characteristics of the patients and the results, indications and complications of the procedure. The median age was 29 years (RIQ: 23-37). The most common indication was genetic in 508 cases (67.9%). 89 (17.5%) cases of chromosomopathies were reported, with trisomy 21 being more frequently observed in 41 patients (46%). The loss of pregnancy and the threat of preterm labor attributable to amniocentesis were 0.94% and 2.54%, respectively. Conclusion The characteristics of amniocentesis allow us to know statistics of outcomes, complications, actual loss rate or associated factors, with a view to exploring both maternal and fetal factors in single and multiple pregnancies in two units of Latin American Fetal Maternal Medicine.

Hallazgos ecocardiográficos en pacientes con preeclampsia en la Unidad de alta dependencia obstétrica en el Hospital Universitario de San José, 2012-2014 / Echographic findings in patients with pre-eclampsia see at the critical obstetrics unit of the San Jose Children's Teaching Hospital, 2012-2014

Objetivo: describir las alteraciones ecocardiográficas encontradas en pacientes con diagnóstico de preeclampsia severa.Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. Se describen los hallazgos ecocardiográficos en las pacientes con preeclampsia severa (PS), de acuerdo con los criterios del Congreso Americano de Obstetras y Ginecólogos, atendidas en un hospital universitario de referencia ubicado en Bogotá (Colombia), entre enero 1 de 2012 y junio 30 de 2014. Se excluyeron las pacientes con control adecuado de tensión arterial o con patología cardiaca estructural previa conocida. Se describen las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y los hallazgos ecocardiográficos más frecuentes, globalmente y por momento de aparición. Se presentan los datos mediante estadística descriptiva.Resultados: se diagnosticaron 228 pacientes con PS. A 124 se les realizó ecocardiograma: en 8 de ellas el informe de ecocardiografía fue no concluyente. Se hallaron 78 pacientes (67 %) con alguna alteración. Los principales hallazgos fueron: hipertensión pulmonar leve, n = 34 (29 %); hipertrofia del ventrículo izquierdo, n = 32 (27 %); hipertensión pulmonar moderada, n = 21 (18 %); disfunción diastólica, n = 16 (13 %). Las pacientes con PS pretérmino (69 %) presentaron alteraciones ecocardiográficas más frecuentes que las pacientes a término (20 %) y que las que comenzaron con PS en el puerperio (11 %). La disfunción diastólica se presentó más en pacientes con preeclampsia que comenzó en el puerperio.Conclusiones: la prevalencia de alteraciones ecocardiográficas en PS es del 67 %, con mayor frecuencia de hipertensión pulmonar e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. Se requieren más estudios que validen estos hallazgos regionalmente.

Objective: To describe echographic abnormalities found in patients diagnosed with severe preeclampsia.Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study describing ultrasound findings in patients with severe preeclampsia (SP) in accordance with the criteria of the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The patients were seen in a referral teaching hospital in Bogota (Colombia), between January 1, 2012 and June 30, 2014. Patients with adequate blood pressure control or with known pre-existing structural heart disease were excluded. Social, demographic and clinical variables are described, as well as the most frequent global echographic findings, also by time of onset. The data are presented using descriptive statistics.Results: Overall, 228 patients were diagnosed with SP. An echographic examination was performed in 124 and in 8 of them the echographic report was non-conclusive. Some form of abnormality was found in 78 patients (67 %). Mild pulmonary hypertension [n=34 (29 %)], left-ventricular hypertrophy [n=32 (27 %)], moderate pulmonary hy per tension [n=21 (18 %)] and diastolic dysfunction [n= 16 (13 %)] were the main findings observed. Echographic abnormalities were found more frequently in patients with pre-term SP (69 %) than in term patients (20 %) or those who developed SP during the post-partum period (11 %). Diastolic dysfunction was found to occur more frequently in patients who developed preeclampsia in the post-partum period.Conclusions: The prevalence of echographic abnormalities in SP is 67 %, the most frequent being pulmonary hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. More studies are needed in order to validate these findings regionally.

Characterization of Atypical Preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize patients with atypical preeclampsia (PE), in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, maternal complications and perinatal outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1, 2011 and November 30, 2013, a cohort was created of women attended at a Obstetric High-dependency Unit who met criteria for atypical PE: gestational hypertension with severe hypertension or symptoms or laboratory signs suggestive of microangiopathy/hemolysis; normotensive proteinuria with the presence of symptoms or laboratory signs suggestive of microangiopathy/hemolysis; presence of PE or eclampsia or HELLP syndrome appearing after 48 h postpartum, and, PE or eclampsia appearing before 20 weeks of pregnancy. RESULTS: A total of 200 women fulfilling criteria for atypical PE, were included: 61.5% corresponded to non-proteinuric gestational hypertension, 35.5% to normotensive proteinuria and 3% to PE/eclampsia in late postpartum. Criteria for severe maternal morbidity were present in 12% of the cases and there were no maternal deaths. There were 6 perinatal deaths. CONCLUSION: Atypical preeclampsia is a type of preeclampsia not fully recognized that is associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity, mainly related to smallness-for-gestational-age and low birth weight. Vasospasm symptoms are a key element to detect this condition.

[Prevalence in birth defects diagnosed by ultrasound: three years experience in university maternal fetal medicine unit]. / Prevalencia de malformaciones congénitas diagnosticadas por ultrasonido: tres años de experiencia en una unidad de medicina materno fetal universitaria.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of congenital malformations diagnosed in Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit of Hospital de San José, Bogotá-Colombia and comparing them to national and international reports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive observational where the quantification of all malformed fetuses diagnosed in Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit from June 2010 to June 2013 was performed. RESULTS: 236 malformed fetuses, a total of 11,914 births, for a prevalence of 1.98% were included at a mean gestational age at diagnosis of 26.7 weeks (SD 7.1 weeks). The most common congenital malformations were at the level of Central Nervous System (CNS) 88 (37%) in total and within them, the most prevalent was ventriculomegaly 16 (7%). Of the 236 malformed fetuses, 165 fetuses (70.2%) had only one affected system 29 (12.3%) 2 compromised systems and 42 (17.5%) over 3 affected systems. Karyotyping was offered to all antenatal patients, however, accepted only 63 (26.7%), and 39 (62%) with normal results and the other aneuploidies were found, having Trisomy 21 as the most common. It was possible to establish a concordance of 86% between the antenatal and postnatal diagnosis. The perinatal mortality found in this study was 34.7%, mainly in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia 16 cases (88.8%), fetal non-immune hydrops 8 cases (80%), cardiovascular abnormalities 31 cases (46.2%) genitourinary and 13 cases (24%), and fetuses with CNS malformations such as sequence acranea-anencefalia, holoprosencephaly and encephalocele mortality occurred in 100%. CONCLUSION: In this study the prevalence of congenital anomalies was found comparable to that reported at local and global levels, which were diagnosed and adequately characterized by more than two-thirds by obstetrical ultrasound performed by trained personnel in prenatal diagnosis. Perinatal morbidity and mortality remain high thoracic, cardiovascular, renal and non-immune hydrops congenital anomalies.

Resultado perinatal de embarazos gemelares atendidos en dos instituciones de alta complejidad en Bogotá, Colombia / Perinatal outcome of twin pregnancies attended in two highly complex institutions in Bogotá, Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los embarazos múltiples presentan riesgos de diferente naturaleza, frecuencia y severidad, debido a su comportamiento fisiopatológico particular según las características placentarias, impactando directamente en los resultados perinatales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los resultados perinatales en embarazos ge-melares teniendo en cuenta las características maternas, el resultado obstétrico, la morbilidad y mortalidad fetal y neonatal. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de los resultados perinatales de embarazos gemelares en dos instituciones con presencia de grupo de medicina materno fetal, por medio de revisión de historias clínicas maternas y neonatales entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2012. RESULTADOS: El promedio de edad materna fue 28,6 ± 6 años, se incluyeron 438 gestantes y 885 gemelos de un total de 490 gestaciones múltiples, con nacimiento a las 34 ± 4,1 semanas de edad gestacional. Se presentó morbilidad neonatal severa en 127 casos (14,3%), mortalidad neonatal temprana en 18 casos (2%), admisión a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal en 282 casos (31,8%), la causa de ingreso más frecuente fueron las complicaciones respiratorias en 275 casos (31%). CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el embarazo múltiple en nuestro medio, está asociado a complicaciones maternas, fetales, y neonatales, similar a lo reportado en la literatura, siendo mayores en los embarazos monocoriales biamnióticos. Se enfatiza en los embarazos múltiples, el cuidado prenatal, durante el nacimiento y postnatal, con el fin de mejorar los resultados tanto maternos como perinatales.

INTRODUCTION: The risk of multiple pregnancies experience different nature, frequency, and severity, given its particular pathophysiological behavior as placental characteristics, directly impacting perinatal outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies taking into account maternal characteristics, obstetric outcome, morbidity and fetal and neonatal mortality. METHODS: Descriptive study of perinatal outcome of twin pregnancies in two institutions with presence of maternal fetal medicine group, through review of maternal and neonatal medical records between January 2009 and December 2012. RESULTS: The mean maternal age was 28.6 ± 6 years, 438 pregnant women and 885 twins of a total of 490 multiple pregnancies were included, with birth at 34 ± 4.1 weeks gestational age. Severe neonatal morbidity in 127 cases (14.3 %), early neonatal mortality in 18 cases (2%), admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in 282 cases (31.8%), the cause was submitted admission were more frequent respiratory complications in 275 cases (31%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that multiple pregnancies in our environment, is associated with maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications, similar to that reported in the literature, being higher in monochorionic diamniotic pregnancies. So should emphasize prenatal care, during childbirth and postnatal care in multiple pregnancies, in order to improve both maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Nivel de conocimientos de los obstetras acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la isoinmunización materna: Estudio de corte transversal en Bogotá (Colombia), 2012-2013 / Level of knowledge among obstetricians regarding diagnosis and treatment of maternal isoimmunization: Cross-sectional study in Bogotá (Colombia), 2012-2013

Objetivo: describir el nivel de conocimientos acerca del diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de la isoinmunización materna entre los especialistas de Ginecología y Obstetricia afiliados a la Asociación Bogotana de Perinatología (ABP). Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Entre noviembre de 2012 y marzo de 2013, se aplicó una encuesta elaborada por especialistas en Medicina Materno-Fetal (MMF). Se excluyeron los profesionales que ejercen su actividad fuera del territorio nacional, aquellos que no han practicado la obstetricia durante los últimos diez años y a quienes no suministraron la totalidad de la información requerida. El instrumento estuvo compuesto por 18 preguntas organizadas en tres dominios: características sociodemográficas, información sobre la práctica clínica y conocimientos. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis en la materia. Resultados: el instrumento se aplicó a 220 profesionales de los cuales 127 (57,7 %) respondieron la encuesta en su totalidad y fueron incluidos en el análisis. El 32 % de los obstetras y el 45 % de los especialistas en MMF identificaron correctamente el punto de corte para el coombs indirecto. El 43 y 62 % de los obstetras y especialistas en MMF reconocieron el papel de la velocimetría de la arteria cerebral media para el diagnóstico de anemia fetal, y el 82 y 76 % respectivamente la utilizarían en el seguimiento del feto anémico. Tan solo el 76 % de los obstetras y el 66 % de los especialistas en MMF reconocen las indicaciones de culminar la gestación en caso de anemia fetal, en tanto que el 90 y 97 % (respectivamente) identificaron cuándo realizar cordocentesis y transfusión in utero. Finalmente, el 37 % de los obstetras y el 48 % de los especialistas en MMF no reconocen a la curva de Queenan-Liley como una alternativa cuando no hay acceso al Doppler fetal. Conclusión: existe una importante variabilidad con respecto al nivel de conocimientos de los obstetras y especialistas en MMF en cuanto al diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de las gestantes con isoinmunización. Se requieren más estudios que caractericen la variabilidad en la práctica clínica acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la isoinmunización materna en Colombia.

Objective: To describe the level of knowledge regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of maternal isoimmunisation among Gynaecology and Obstetrics specialists, members of ABP (Asociación Bogotana de Perinatología). Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. A questionnaire prepared by specialists in Maternal and Foetal Medicine (MFM) was administered between November 2012 and March 2013. Professionals practicing outside the national territory, those who had not practiced over the past ten years, and those who did not provide all the information required were excluded. The tool consisted of 18 questions organized in three domains: socio-demographic characteristics, information about clinical practice, and knowledge of the subject. A descriptive statistical analysis was used. Results: Of the 220 practitioners who were given the questionnaire, 127 (57.7%) completed the survey and were included in the analysis. The cut-off point for the indirect Coombs was correctly identified by 32% of the obstetricians and by 45% of the specialists in MFM. The role of middle cerebral artery velocimetry for the diagnosis of foetal anaemia was recognized by 43% and 62% of obstetricians and specialists in MFM, and 82% and 76%, respectively, would use it for the follow-up of foetuses with anaemia. Only 76% of obstetricians and 66% of MFM specialists recognized the indications for delivering the baby in cases of foetal anaemia, whereas 90% and 97%, respectively, identified the timing for cordocentesis and in utero transfusion. Finally, 37% of obstetricians and 48% of MFM specialists did not recognize the Queenan-Liley curve as an option in cases where there is no access to foetal Doppler. Conclusion: There is an important variability in the level of knowledge among obstetricians and MFM specialists regarding the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of pregnant women with isoimmunisation. Additional studies are required to characterize the variability in clinical practice regarding the diagnosis and treatment of maternal isoimmunisation in Colombia.

[Characterization of fetal deaths and associated factors in a high complexity hospital in a Latin American country]. / Caracterización de las muertes fetales y factores asociados en una institución latinoamericana de IV nivel de atención.

BACKGROUND: Stillbirth remains a problem; therefore requires delving analyzed to assess their causes and strategies that prevent or decrease. OBJECTIVE: To establish the frequency, describe the sociodemographic and medical characteristics, and factors associated with fetal death in a high complexity hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study quantifying stillbirth and associated factors was conducted in the period from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013. RESULTS: There were 112 fetal deaths, from a total of 15408 births, for a fetal mortality rate of 7.3 per 1000 live births. The average age of the patients was 27.9 years (SD 7.7), 70.5 % of fetal deaths occurred in mothers aged 20-35 years, in primigravidae (33%), between 20 and 28 weeks gestational age (42.9%), in fetuses with weights between 500 and 1000 gr (47.8%). The most frequent medical history was hypothyroidism (5.4%) and chronic hypertension (4.5%). The most common diseases associated with pregnancy were oligohydramnios (21.4%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (17%), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (17%), and polyhydramnios (16.9%). The most frequently altered test for evaluation of fetal wellbeing was the absent or decreased fetal movements (44.6%), autopsy was performed in 45.5% of cases being the main reported causes of death, chorioamnionitis (21.5%) and placental insufficiency (15.6%). CONCLUSION: Stillbirth remains a prevalent problem, our findings suggest the need to develop methods to implement the fetal surveillance in patients with risk factors in order to make timely decisions.

Orígenes fetales de la patología del adulto: la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino como factor de riesgo / Fetal origins of adult disease: intrauterine growth restriction as a risk factor

Antecedentes: Barker formuló la hipótesis que la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) representaba un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades durante la vida adulta. Objetivo: Conocer la existencia de alguna relación entre las enfermedades cardiovasculares y enfermedades endocrinas del adulto con el antecedente de RCIU mediante la revisión de estudios publicados de enero de 1990 a diciembre de 2013. Método: Se efectuó una revisión de la literatura existente en las bases de datos PubMed, MEDLINE, ProQuest y Ebsco. Se incluyeron investigaciones en español, inglés o portugués. Resultados: Se incluyeron siete investigaciones uno de casos y controles y seis de cohortes. Para diabetes dos de tres estudios mostraron una asociación significativa (RR=2,10; IC95 por ciento 1,29-3,41; RR=1,43 IC 95 por ciento 0,53-3,87; HR=1,64; IC 95 por ciento 1,26-2,14). Para hipertensión, dos no observaron relación estadísticamente significativa (RR=0,95; IC 95 por ciento 0,81-1,11 y RR=1,03; IC 95 por ciento 0,71-1,49). Para enfermedad coronaria uno mostró asociación significativa (HR=1,9; IC 95 por ciento 1,0-3,8). Para obesidad, un estudio no observó relación (Hombres, RR=1,07; IC 95 por ciento 0,63-2,29 y mujeres RR=1,07; IC 95 por ciento 0,53-2,14). Para síndrome metabólico un estudio observó asociación significativa (RR=1,29; IC 95 por ciento 1,00-1,68). Conclusiones: RCIU muestra una relación inconsistente con enfermedades adultas en estudios observaciones que implican seguimiento. Se necesitan estudios longitudinales que corroboren la asociación entre RCIU y enfermedades en la vida adulta observada en algunos análisis previos.

Background: Barker hypothesized that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) represents a risk factor for developing diseases during adulthood. Objective: To determine the relationship between IUGR and cardiovascular and endocrine diseases in adults reviewing studies published between January 1990 and December 2013. Method: A review of the literature in PubMed, MEDLINE, ProQuest and Ebsco database. Papers in Spanish, English or Portuguese were included. Results: Seven studies were included, one case-control and six cohort design. For diabetes two of three studies showed a significant association (RR=2.10, 95 percent CI 1.29-3.41; RR=1.43, 95 percent CI 0.53-3.87; HR=1.64, 95 percent CI 1.26-2.14) For hypertension, two found no statistically significant (RR=0.95, 95 percent CI 0.81-1.11 and RR=1.03, 95 percent CI 0.71-1.49). For coronary disease one showed significant association (HR=1.9, 95 percent CI 1.0 to 3.8). For obesity, a study found no relationship (men, RR=1.07, 95 percent CI 0.63-2.29; and women RR=1.07, 95 percent CI 0.53-2.14). For metabolic syndrome one study found significant association (RR=1.29, 95 percent CI 1.00-1.68). Conclusions: IUGR shows an inconsistent relationship with adult diseases in follow up observational researches. Longitudinal studies that corroborate the association between IUGR and adult diseases observed in some previous analyzes are needed.

Marcadores ecográficos de corioamnionitis e infección fetal in utero. Revisión de la literatura / Ultrasound markers for chorioamnionitis and in utero fetal infection: a literature review

Introducción: el diagnóstico de corioamnionitis se basa en criterios clínicos que no alcanzan una sensibilidad mayor al 60%, y que tienen poca utilidad para predecir el compromiso fetal. El ultrasonido surge como una alternativa útil en el diagnóstico. Al mejorar el diagnóstico con la búsqueda de marcadores ecográficos de infección fetal podemos impactar en la morbimortalidad perinatal al poder intervenir de forma temprana a las gestantes en riesgo de compromiso fetal, especialmente corioamnionitis con curso subclínico. El objetivo de esta revisión es conocer la evidencia que soporta la asociación entre los hallazgos ecográficos del ultrasonido y la presencia de corioamnionitis e infección fetal in utero. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura existente en las bases de datos medline, ovid, ebsco, ProQuest, lilacs, SciELO desde enero de 1985 hasta octubre de 2012. Se incluyeron los artículos de revisión e investigaciones originales.Resultados: en las gestantes con parto pretérmino y ruptura prematura de membranas ovulares el acortamiento cervical, la presencia de "sludge", el oligohidramnios y la involución del timo son los marcadores que han mostrado mayor asociación con infección amniótica.Conclusiones: el ultrasonido es una herramienta por considerar en el diagnóstico de infección materna y fetal in utero.

Introduction: A diagnosis of chorioamnionitis is based on clinical criteria which only manage 60% sensitivity and have little usefulness in predicting fetal compromise. Ultrasound emerges as a useful diagnostic alternative. An impact might be made on perinatal morbimortality by improving diagnosis through the search for echographic markers of fetal infection, thereby enabling early intervention in pregnant women at risk of fetal compromise, especially regarding subclinical chorioamnionitis. This review was aimed at providing evidence supporting an association between ultrasound’s echographic findings and the presence of chorioamnionitis in in utero (congenital) fetal infection.Materials and methods: A review of the existing literature was made in medline, ovid, ebsco, ProQuest, lilacs and scielo databases from January 1985 to October 2012. Original research and review articles were included. Results: Cervical length shortening, the presence of sludge, oligohydramnios and thymus involution are the markers which have been shown to have the greatest association with intra-amniotic infection.Conclusions: Ultrasound is a tool to be considered when diagnosing in utero maternal and fetal infection.

Preeclampsia severa: restricción del crecimiento intrauterino y desenlaces perinatales en gestaciones pretérmino / Severe pre-eclampsia: intrauterine growth restriction and perinatal outcome in preterm gestations

Describir la frecuencia de complicaciones perinatales en gestaciones pretérmino de madres con preeclampsia severa con y sin restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo en embarazo único, preeclampsia severa y parto entre 24 y 34 semanas, con y sin RCIU, entre enero 2007 y diciembre 2009. Se realizó monitoría fetal cada 48 horas, perfil biofísico fetal (PBF) dos veces por semana y Doppler fetoplacentario semanal. Resultados: se estudiaron 55 pacientes con edad promedio de 29.6 (DE 6.4) años, media de edad gestacional de 29.9 (DE 2.9) semanas, menor en el grupo con RCIU 28.8 (DE.3.1) vs 31.2 (DE 2.0). Hubo RCIU en 30 (54,5%) gestaciones, la mortalidad perinatal fue de 17 casos (31%), 15 en embarazos con RCIU. La mayoría ocurrió en gestaciones por debajo de 28.6 semanas. Conclusiones: la mortalidad perinatal en preeclampsia en edad gestacional temprana es alta en nuestro hospital, en especial en presencia de RCIU. Es probable que esta asociación actúe en forma sinérgica sobre las complicaciones por prematurez. Al mejorar la atención pre y neonatal esperamos superiores resultados perinatales...

To describe frequency of perinatal complications in preterm gestations associated to severe preeclampsia, with or without intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Materials and methods: this is a descriptive study of single pregnancies, severe preeclampsia and preterm birth between weeks 24 and 34, with and without IUGR, conducted between January 2007 and December 2009. Fetal monitoring was conducted every 48 hours, fetal biophysical profile testing (BPP) twice a week and fetal and placental Doppler every week. Results: 55 patients with mean age 29.6 (SD 6.4) years were assessed; mean gestational age was 29.9 (SD 2.9) weeks, lower in the group with IUGR [28.8 (SD.3.1) vs 31.2 (SD 2.0)]. IUGR was present in 30 (54.5%) pregnancies. Perinatal death occurred in 17 cases (31%) 15 with IUGR. Most perinatal deaths occurred in pregnancies of less than 28.6 weeks. Conclusions: perinatal mortality rate in preeclampsia in early gestational age is high in our hospital, especially associated with IUGR. This association may act in a synergic manner on complications caused by prematurity. We expect better perinatal results as we improve prenatal and neonatal care delivery...

Indicaciones de estudio genético invasivo en una población seleccionada: Agosto de 2005 a diciembre de 2007 / Indications for invasive genetic studies in a population-based sample: August 2005 to december 2007

Antecedentes: la mayor utilización de ecografía prenatal y procedimientos diagnósticos invasivos ha permitido mejorar la identificación de malformaciones fetales al nacimiento. El dilema conlleva un riesgo relacionado con el procedimiento, por lo que los médicos siguen lidiando con la manera de identificar las pacientes con riesgo elevado para no someter a las de bajo riesgo a procedimientos diagnósticos innecesarios. En el presente estudio nos hemos planteado describir las diferentes indicaciones para el diagnóstico genético invasivo de alteraciones cromosómicas en una población seleccionada de Bogotá D.C. Pacientes y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal entre el 1 de agosto de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2007. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de embarazadas remitidas con indicación de estudio genético invasivo por anomalías cromosómicas. Resultados: se analizaron 374 embarazos, de los cuales el 98,9% (n=370) eran simples y el 1,1% (n=4) correspondían a gemelares, para un total de 378 análisis del cariotipo fetal. La edad materna promedio fue de 35 años y la gestacional promedio de 17,4 semanas. Se realizaron 366 amniocentesis (96,8%) y 12 biopsias de vellosidades coriónicas (3,2%). El estudio citogenético más solicitado fue el cariotipo 64,8% (n=245) y en 33,6% (n=127) de los casos se hizo análisis por FISH y cariotipo. Entre las indicaciones para solicitar estudio genético invasivo se destacan la edad materna con 35,7% (n=135), seguida de malformaciones menores ecográficas 14,8% (n=56), tamizaje segundo trimestre 9,3% (n=35), sonolucencia nucal aumentada 6,9% (n=26) y malformaciones mayores ecográficas 6,3% (n=24). Se reportaron 54 estudios citogenéticos alterados (14,3%); de ellos, 36 correspondieron a aneuploidías (66,67%) y dieciocho a variaciones estructurales (33,33%). Cuando la edad materna fue la única indicación de un procedimiento invasivo, sólo se detectó el 6,66% de cariotipos alterados, mientras que en el grupo...

Antecedents: increased use of prenatal ultrasound and invasive diagnostic procedures has improved the detection of congenital fetal defects. The dilemma entails a procedure-related risk for which physicians continue to put up with a way to identify highrisk patients to avoid unnecessary diagnostic procedures in low-risk patients. This population-based study, conducted in Bogotá D.C., describes the various indications for an invasive genetic study to identify chromosomal abnormalities. Patients and methods: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study performed between August 1st 2005 and December 31st 2007. The clinicalrecords of pregnant women referred with an indication for invasive prenatal testing due to chromosomal abnormalities were reviewed. Results: 374 pregnancies were assessed, where 98.9% (n=370) were single pregnancies and 1.1% (n=4) twin pregnancies, thus, 378 fetal karyotype analyses were conducted. The mean age was 35 years and the mean gestational age was 17.4 weeks. We performed 366 amniocentesis (96.8%) and 12 choryonic villus sampling (3.2%). Karyotype analysis was the most frequently requested cytogenetic study accounting for 64.8% (n=245) of cases and FISH and karyotype analyses wereperformed in 33.6% (n=127). Advanced maternal age in 35.7% (n=135) was the main indication for invasive genetic studies request, followed by minor malformations detected by ultrasound 14.8% (n=56), second-trimester screening 9.3% (n=35), enhanced nuchal translucency 6.9% (n=26) and major defects detected by ultrasound 6.3% (n=24). Fifty-four (54) cytogenetic studies were reported as abnormal (14.3%); 36 corresponding to aneuploidy (66.67%) and 18 to structural variations (33.33%). Only 6.66% abnormal karyotypes were determined when maternal age was the only indication for an invasive procedure, while aneuploidy was diagnosed in the minor or major defect or nuchal translucency groups in 25%, 29% and 26% respectively...

Doppler de arterias uterinas y preeclampsia: experiencia en el Hospital de San José / Prediction of pre-eclampsia by uterine artery Doppler - San José Hospital

Los cambios en la circulación uteroplacentaria mediante la evaluación de las arterias uterinas con Doppler ha despertado el interés de investigadores, convirtiéndose en el método de elección para el tamizaje de pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar preeclampsia. Objetivos: describir los hallazgos del DPau en cuanto a índice de resistencia arterial (IR) e índice de pulsatilidad (IP) en el segundo trimestre de gestación y su asociación con PRE-E y/o restricción del crecimiento intrauterino en una población seleccionada del servicio de ginecología y obstetricia del Hospital de San José en Bogotá, DC. Colombia. Materiales y métodos: asistieron 109 pacientes con edad gestacional de 22 a 25 semanas entre marzo 2004 y diciembre 2007, se indagaron factores de riesgo para PRE-E y se practicó DPau. Se realizó seguimiento en las semanas 28, 32 y 36 hasta obtener información del parto. Resultados: 43 presentaron alteración del Doppler, 15 (13%) se complicaron con PRE-E y 10 (2%) con RCIU. El IR se encontró alterado con mayor frecuencia en PRE-E y el IP en RCIU. Los antecedentes de PRE-E (60%), nuliparidad (33%) e hipertensión crónica (26%) fueron los factores de riesgo observados con mayor frecuencia en pacientes con PRE-E. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos nos permiten observar que las alteraciones del DPau junto con los factores de riesgo de la población, podrían tener algún tipo de relación con el desenlace de PRE-E y RCIU. Se esperan futuras investigaciones que ayuden a dilucidar con claridad la asociación del DPau y los factores de riesgo con el desarrollo de eventos obstétricos adversos.

The possibility to study changes in uteroplacental circulation using uterine artery Doppler has awakened researchers' interest, becoming the favorite screening method for women at high risk of pre-eclampsia. Objectives: to describe uterine artery Doppler findings related to artery resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) in the second trimester of pregnancy and its association with developing pre-eclampsia (PRE-E) and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in a selected population at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the San José Hospital in Bogotá, DC. Colombia. Materials and methods: 109 patients with 22 to 25 weeks of gestation, from March 2004 through December 2007, were included, PRE-E risk factors were considered and uterine artery Doppler was performed. Follow-up at 28, 32, and 36 weeks was conducted until delivery. Results: alterations were found in 43 patients, 15 (13%) developed PRE-E and 10 (2%) developed IUGR. Altered RI was more commonly found in PRE-E and altered PI in IUGR. The most frequently associated risk factors in PRE-E patients were previous PRE-E (60%), nulliparity (33%) and chronic hypertension (26%). Conclusions: these results revealed that uterine artery Doppler alterations and antecedents of risk factors in the studied population may have some relation with pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction outcomes. Further research helping to clarify association of uterine artery Doppler and risk factors of adverse obstetric events is required.